With reference to Indian History, “chatuspathis” or “Tols” were
(a) Taxes imposed on local trade.
(b) Group of merchants in Maharashtra.
(c) Agriculture tax imposed in Bengal.
(d) Centers of Higher education.
Explanation
The education imparted in 18th-century India was still traditional which could not match with the rapid developments in the West. The knowledge was confined to literature, law, religion, philosophy, and logic and excluded the study of physical and natural sciences, technology, and geography. Elementary education among the Hindus and the Muslims was quite widespread. The Hindu and Muslim elementary schools were called pathshalas and maktabs respectively. The education was confined to reading, writing, and arithmetic. Children from the lower caste sometimes attended the schools, but female presence was rare. Chatuspathis or Tols, as they were called in Bihar and Bengal, were the centres of higher education.
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