Consider the following statements:
1. The Ijarah system of revenue collection was first introduced during the reign of Jahandar Shah.
2. Under the Ijarah system of revenue collection the Mughal Emperor received fixed revenue.
2. Under the Ijarah system, the Ijaradar had no proprietary rights on land.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Explanation Statement 1 is not correct: The Ijarah system (revenue farming) was not introduced for the first time during Jahandar Shah's reign. While Jahandar Shah (1712–1713) formalized and popularized the system, it existed in earlier forms during the reigns of his predecessors. For instance, Akbar’s administration had some elements of revenue farming in its early phases, and Aurangzeb had also permitted limited use of this system.
Statement 2 is correct: Under the Ijarah system, the Mughal Emperor or central authority received a fixed revenue amount. The Ijaradar (contractor) bore the risk of collecting taxes from the peasants, and any surplus after paying the fixed amount to the state became their profit.
Statement 3 is correct: The Ijaradar was not the owner of the land; they only had the right to collect revenue. The land remained under the ownership of the peasants or the state, depending on the context of the region.
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