Which of the following factors led to the rise of Extremism in the Indian National Movement?
1. Failure of the Moderates
2. Partition of Bengal
3. Influence of revolutionary movements in Europe
4. Lack of the participation of young people in the Moderate phase
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 2 and 4 only
(c) 1, 3 and 4 only
(d) All of the above
Explanation Factor 1 is correct: The Moderate leaders' reliance on petitions, resolutions, and appeals to British authorities brought limited progress. Their inability to achieve significant reforms frustrated many, leading to the emergence of Extremist leaders who advocated direct and assertive action.
Factor 2 is correct: The Partition of Bengal in 1905 by Lord Curzon was perceived as a divisive act aimed at weakening the nationalist movement. This event ignited widespread anger and led to mass protests, strengthening the demand for more radical methods of resistance.
Factor 3 is correct: The success of revolutionary movements in Europe, such as those in Ireland and Italy, inspired Indian nationalists. They were motivated to adopt more confrontational tactics and reject the passive approach of the Moderates.
Factor 4 is not correct: Young people did participate during the Moderate phase, but they grew increasingly disillusioned with its methods over time. Many of them, like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, and Lala Lajpat Rai, became prominent leaders of the Extremist faction. Thus, it is incorrect to say that young people lacked participation during the Moderate phase.
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