Which of the following statements regarding Ajanta Caves are correct?
1. The Ajanta caves were primarily patronized by the Satavahanas and later expanded under the Vakatakas.
2. The caves are exclusively Buddhist and contain some of the finest surviving fresco paintings from ancient India.
3. The Ajanta caves are located near the Waghora River in a horseshoe-shaped gorge.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, and 3
Explanation Statement 1 is correct: The earliest phase (2nd century BCE – 1st century CE) of Ajanta caves was built during the Satavahana rule (Andhra dynasty). These caves were simple and primarily associated with Hinayana (Theravāda) Buddhism, containing stupas and simple rock-cut halls. The second phase (5th – 6th century CE) was patronized by the Vakataka dynasty, particularly under King Harisena (c. 460–477 CE). These later caves, influenced by Mahayana Buddhism, included elaborate sculptures, frescoes, and murals, which are considered masterpieces of Indian art.
Statement 2 is correct: Ajanta is entirely Buddhist, with Chaityas (prayer halls) and Viharas (monasteries) meant for monks. Unlike Ellora, which has Hindu and Jain elements, Ajanta strictly follows Buddhist themes.
The murals and frescoes in Caves 1, 2, 16, and 17 depict:
● Jataka Tales (stories of Buddha’s past lives)
● Scenes from Mahayana Buddhist philosophy
● Royal and courtly life under the Vakatakas
These paintings are some of the earliest surviving fresco-style artworks in India, made using the "fresco-secco" technique (painted on dry plaster, unlike wet fresco techniques of Europe).
Statement 3 is correct: The Ajanta caves are carved into a horseshoe-shaped rock face, overlooking the Waghora River, which provided water to the monks.
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