How many of the following enactments were a result of Lord Curzon's reactionary policies, which angered the already discontent masses in the early 20th century?
1. The Official Secrets Act
2. The Indian Universities Act
3. The Vernacular Press Act
4. The Calcutta Corporation Act
5. The Arms Act
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) Only two
(b) Only three
(c) Only four
(d) All five
Explanation
The Official Secrets Act (1904): Enacted under Lord Curzon, this act curtailed the freedom of the press by imposing restrictions on publishing official information deemed sensitive. The Indian Universities Act (1904): This act increased government control over universities, accusing them of fostering political revolutionaries. It restricted their autonomy and dictated their functioning. The Vernacular Press Act (1878): This act was enacted during the tenure of Lord Lytton (1876–80), not Lord Curzon. It curtailed the freedom of the Indian press, specifically targeting vernacular newspapers critical of British policies. The Calcutta Corporation Act (1899): This act reduced the number of Indian members in the Calcutta Corporation, giving more control to British officials. The Arms Act (1878): Enacted during Lord Lytton's tenure, this act disarmed Indians by prohibiting them from possessing firearms without a license, ensuring British control post-1857 revolt.
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