With reference to the volcanic materials, consider the following statements:
1. Volcanic gases include sulphurated hydrogen and volatile chlorides of iron.
2. Acidic magma has a higher percentage of silica.
3. Basaltic lava is characterised by maximum fluidity.
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1 ,2 and 3
Explanation Statement 1 is correct: Volcanic gases include sulfurated hydrogen (hydrogen sulfide, H2S), hydrochloric acid (HCl), volatile chlorides of iron, potassium, and other metallic matter. These gases are emitted during volcanic eruptions and contribute to the formation of volcanic plumes.
Statement 2 is not correct: Acidic magma, or felsic magma, contains a higher percentage of silica (SiO2) compared to other types of magma, such as basaltic magma. It is more viscous, not less, and has a higher concentration of minerals like feldspar and quartz.
Statement 3 is correct: Basaltic lava, which is mafic (low in silica content), is characterized by its maximum fluidity. Due to its low viscosity and high temperature (around 1,000°C to 1,200°C), it flows quickly across the surface, spreading at speeds from a few kilometers to up to 100 kilometers per hour. This lava type is also the hottest and is commonly associated with volcanic eruptions in places like Hawaii.
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