Geography

Choose the Correct Answer

Correct Answer : Option d

Explanation
The Demographic Transition Model (DTM) is a theoretical framework that explains the population growth pattern of a country as it develops economically. It consists of four stages (sometimes five, as per modern interpretations) and describes the transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a society progresses. This model helps in understanding fertility, mortality, and population growth trends across different regions and periods.

Statement 1 is not correct: In the second stage of the DTM, death rates decline rapidly due to improvements in medical facilities, sanitation, and nutrition, but birth rates remain high. This leads to a sharp increase in population growth. Countries experience a population explosion as mortality rates drop while birth rates remain unchanged.
Example- India during the mid-20th century (1950s–1980s).

Statement 2 is not correct: In the third stage of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM), birth rates start declining due to factors like urbanization, female education, and better access to contraception, while death rates remain low due to continuous medical advancements. As a result, population growth slows down but remains positive. The incorrect part of the statement is the mention of “stable birth rates,” whereas in reality, birth rates decline significantly during this stage.

Statement 3 is not correct: The first stage of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) is marked by high birth and death rates, resulting in low or stagnant population growth. Historically, this phase existed before industrialization, when societies depended on agriculture and had poor healthcare. Today, no country, including India, remains in this stage.
According to Census 2011, India moved from Stage 1 to Stage 2 in the early 20th century and is currently in Stage 3, transitioning toward Stage 4. Fertility rates have declined (Total Fertility Rate~2.0 in 2023), death rates are low due to better healthcare, and population growth is slowing but remains positive.