Explanation Option 1 is correct: Aluminium, steel and electrochemical plants, blast furnaces, brick kilns, coal combustion, tile and glass etching factories add fluoride particles which settle on vegetation. They burn tips of leaves and when cattle eat the vegetation they suffer from fluorosis resulting in loss of teeth, weight and lameness. Humans also suffer from fluorosis. Volcanoes also release fluorides which form gaseous as well as particulate pollutants.
Option 2 is not correct: Sodium chloride is used to remove snow in winter and remains in the environment. Some sodium chloride is also added to the environment when waves of the sea spray it. Excess sodium chloride has been found to cause defoliation (leaf falling), suppression of flowering and breaking of terminal shoots of apple.While sodium chloride is used in industries, it is not a significant air pollutant from the ceramic industry.Liver damage is not linked to sodium chloride exposure. Instead, excessive salt consumption affects blood pressure and kidneys.
Option 3 is correct: Anaerobic breakdown of nitrogenous compounds by bacteria is the natural source of nitrogen oxides. Burning fossil fuel also releases them. Power generators, automobile exhausts, explosives and nitrogenous fertilizer industries and the other anthropogenic sources produce nitrogen oxides. NO2 causes early dropping off of leaves and fruits in plants. Nitrogen oxides are one source of photochemical smog, acid deposition and greenhouse effect.
Option 4 is not correct: SO2 are released into the atmosphere through smelting of ores containing sulphur, manufacture of H2SO4 petroleum refining, combustion of fossil fuels, paper making, burning of sulphur containing refuse and in nature through volcanic eruptions. Plants exposed to SO2 and H2S show defoliation (leaves falling off) and reduced growth.
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