Passage-2
Laws introduced by the state have consequences for people: they determine to an extent who grows richer and who poorer? Who acquires new land and who loses the land they have lived on? Where do peasants go when they need money? However, people are not only subject to the working of laws, they also resist the laws by acting according to what they believe to be just. In doing so people define the way in which laws operate, thereby modifying their consequences.
The primary purpose of the passage is to assert that:
(a) The inherent injustice of state-imposed laws is negated by a necessary popular rebellion.
(b) The dynamic interplay between formal legal structures and societal agency shapes the actual operation and outcomes of laws.
(c) State-made laws are primarily instruments of economic control that disproportionately affect vulnerable populations like peasants.
(d) The state is usually unable to enforce its laws effectively in the face of popular opposition.
Explanation Statement (a) is not correct: The passage describes resistance based on perceived justice of the society, not inherent injustice of all laws or the necessity of "rebellion." It describes a more nuanced interaction.
Statement (b) is correct: This statement captures the essence that the state introduces laws (formal structures), but people "resist" and "act" based on their beliefs (societal agency), which "define the way in which laws operate" and "modify their consequences" (shaping actual operation and outcomes).
Statement (c) is not correct: While disproportionate economic impacts on various groups and vulnerabilities of peasants are mentioned, this statement is too narrow and is just a supporting idea of the entire passage. The passage discusses "people" generally and resistance based on "justice," which is broader than just economic control.
Statement (d) is not correct: The passage focuses on how people's actions modify laws' consequences, not primarily on a critique of the state's enforcement capabilities or inability.
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