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E Question 1
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Passage 1 Albert Einstein and Sigmund Freud agreed that the roots of war were to be found in an elemental instinct for aggression and destruction. Einstein thought that ‘man has in him an active instinct for hatred and destruction‘, and Freud believed he had identified a ‘death instinct‘ which manifested itself in homicide and suicide. Edward Wilson in ‘On Human Nature‘ argued that “we tend to fear deeply the actions of strangers and to solve conflict by aggression”. On the other hand, peace is not a panacea in which all human antagonisms are resolved. Peace is simply the absence of war, not the absence of conflict. Though peace and war are usually regarded as opposites, there is a sense in which both are aspects of the conflict that is endemic in all social life. As per the passage, "Elemental instinct for aggression and destruction" is accepted as having validity. What is the most challenging inference that the phrase can make? (a)States are fairly incapable of cooperation, making alliances or international organizations seemingly impossible. (b)Irrational, instinctual drives override purely rational calculations in decision-making, leading to conflict even when not in the state's interest. (c)The only way to achieve peace is through global governance that suppresses these instincts in all national leaders. (d)Social structures, laws, and institutions can channel, mediate and regulate conflict to prevent it from escalating into war. |
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