Art and Culture Practice Question›› Indian Culture ››
Classical Dance Forms
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Historical Development and Texts
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Question 1
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Consider the following statements:
1. The first formal mention of dance is found in Bharata Muni’s NatyaShastra.
2. Bharat Muni enunciated Rasa or nine moods in his Natyashastra.
3. Abhinavbharati is a supreme commentary on NatyaShastra.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Explanation Statement 1 is correct:The first formal mention of dance is found in Bharata Muni’s Natya Shastra, which is regarded as the earliest and most comprehensive treatise on Indian performing arts.It was composed between 200 BCE and the 2nd century CE.
Statement 2 is not correct: Bharata Muni originally enunciated only eight rasas (emotional states) in the Natya Shastra:
Śṛṅgāra (Love/Beauty)
Hāsya (Laughter/Comedy)
Karuna (Compassion/Pathos)
Raudra (Anger/Fury)
Vīra (Heroism/Valour)
Bhayānaka (Fear/Horror)
Bībhatsa (Disgust)
Adbhuta (Wonder/Astonishment)
The ninth rasa, Śānta (Peace/Tranquility), was later added by Abhinavagupta in the 11th century CE in his commentary Abhinavabhārati.
Statement 3 is correct: Abhinavabhārati is written by Abhinavagupta, a philosopher and scholar of the 11th century CE. It is a supreme commentary on Natyashastra.It provides interpretations of Bharata’s work and elaborates on the theory of rasa (aesthetic emotion), making significant contributions to Indian aesthetics.
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