The latest report on malaria elimination in India highlights a significant threat from urban malaria, primarily driven by the invasive mosquito Anopheles stephensi. This poses a challenge to India’s goal of eradicating malaria by 2030, which includes an interim target of zero indigenous malaria cases by 2027, in line with the World Health Organization's strategy.
The emergence of Anopheles stephensi in urban areas like Delhi marks a shift from the traditional rural transmission patterns of malaria. This species thrives in urban settings, breeding in artificial water containers such as overhead tanks and construction sites. It is noted for effectively transmitting both Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax, complicating malaria control strategies.
While India has entered a pre-elimination phase for malaria, cases are now concentrated in specific districts rather than being widespread. High-burden areas are notably present in Odisha, Tripura, and Mizoram. Cross-border transmission from Myanmar and Bangladesh continues to impact northeastern districts.
Since 2015, malaria cases in India have decreased significantly, from 1.17 million to approximately 227,000 in 2024. Deaths related to malaria have fallen by 78% during the same period. Active surveillance efforts have been intensified in tribal, forest, border, and migrant population areas.
Efforts must focus on strengthening surveillance systems and vector monitoring. Enhancing supply-chain reliability for diagnostics and medicines is essential. Key areas for operational research include:
India's success in malaria elimination is guided by a structured policy framework, including:
Integrated Vector Management (IVM) is crucial, incorporating methods like Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) and Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs). Special attention is given to controlling Anopheles stephensi, thereby reinforcing urban malaria management strategies.
The establishment of National Reference Laboratories under the National Centre of Vector Borne Diseases Control (NCVBDC) is vital. District-specific action plans are necessary for tribal, forested, and high-endemic regions. Additionally, integrating malaria services into Ayushman Bharat enhances community-level care.
In 2024, over 850 health professionals were trained through national refresher programs. Research on insecticide resistance and drug efficacy is guiding evidence-based interventions. The Intensified Malaria Elimination Project–3 (IMEP-3) spans 159 districts across 12 states, targeting vulnerable populations through LLIN distribution and surveillance.
India is committed to achieving zero indigenous malaria cases by 2027 and eliminating malaria by 2030. This effort will be supported by robust policy frameworks, scientific interventions, community participation, and sustained funding, positioning India as a global benchmark in malaria elimination.
Q1. What is urban malaria?
Answer: Urban malaria refers to malaria transmission occurring in urban settings, often driven by invasive mosquito species like Anopheles stephensi, which thrive in artificial water containers.
Q2. Why is Anopheles stephensi a concern for malaria control?
Answer: Anopheles stephensi is a major concern because it thrives in urban areas, complicating traditional malaria control methods that focus on rural populations.
Q3. What are the main strategies for malaria elimination in India?
Answer: Strategies include enhanced surveillance, vector control, and the integration of malaria
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