Deep-sea minerals are natural resources located on or beneath the ocean floor. These minerals include polymetallic nodules, sulphides, and crusts, which are rich in valuable metals such as cobalt, nickel, copper, manganese, and rare earth elements. These resources are essential for the production of electric vehicles, solar panels, and various clean energy technologies, making them vital in the global shift towards sustainable energy solutions.
India is gearing up to apply for new exploration licenses in the Pacific Ocean, particularly focusing on the Clarion-Clipperton Zone. This area is renowned for its abundance of polymetallic nodules, which contain critical minerals like manganese, cobalt, nickel, and copper. These minerals are crucial to supporting the country's energy transition and reducing its reliance on imports.
Currently, India holds two exploration licenses in the Indian Ocean, granted by the International Seabed Authority (ISA). These licenses cover the Carlsberg Ridge and the Afanasy-Nikitin Seamount, areas known for polymetallic sulphides and ferromanganese crusts. These sites are rich in minerals essential for electronics, batteries, and industrial applications.
The International Seabed Authority (ISA) is a United Nations-backed organization responsible for regulating mineral exploration in international seabed areas. Comprising 36 member states, the ISA is developing a mining code to oversee deep-sea mining activities and ensure sustainable practices are followed.
The Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ) is a seabed region situated between Hawaii and Mexico. It boasts one of the largest known reserves of polymetallic nodules, which are rich in metals crucial for the renewable energy sector. The race to secure these resources stems from their importance in achieving energy independence and technological advancement.
Countries worldwide are in a race to obtain critical minerals necessary for their energy transitions. Like many nations, India is striving to reduce its vulnerability by securing new sources of these essential resources. The need for a stable supply chain is more pressing than ever, driving nations to explore untapped areas such as the deep-sea.
The exploration permits issued by the ISA are valid for 15 years, allowing for research and sampling activities. However, these permits do not authorize commercial mining until a comprehensive mining code is established.
India is proactively identifying 24 critical minerals required for its energy transition. Furthermore, the country is exploring prospects to acquire overseas mining assets to meet its growing demand and secure its energy future.
The Ministry of Earth Sciences is spearheading India's efforts in seabed exploration. By collaborating with the mining industry, the ministry aims to secure exploration rights and develop the necessary capabilities to enhance India's position in the global mineral landscape.
The future belongs to those who prepare the seabed beneath their feet.
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