Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) has released its first-ever guidelines on the use of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) therapies for managing obesity. This marks a significant step in addressing a global health crisis.
Obesity is a chronic, relapsing condition characterized by excessive fat accumulation. This health issue increases the risks of diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, specific cancers, musculoskeletal disorders, and reproductive health challenges, ultimately diminishing one's quality of life. Globally, nearly one billion individuals live with obesity, including about 188 million children and adolescents. If current trends persist, this number is expected to double by 2030.
In India, findings from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5, 2019–21) indicate that approximately 24% of women and 23% of men are either overweight or obese.
GLP-1 therapies are designed to mimic glucagon-like peptide-1, a naturally occurring gut hormone. This hormone plays a crucial role in managing weight by slowing gastric emptying, suppressing appetite, and signaling satiety to the brain. Clinical studies reveal that these medications can result in a 15–25% weight loss within one year, alongside improvements in blood glucose control, reduced cardiovascular risk, and decreased strain on the kidneys.
In September 2025, the WHO included GLP-1 medicines in its Essential Medicines List for high-risk patients with type 2 diabetes, highlighting their importance in comprehensive treatment strategies.
GLP-1 drugs function by stimulating insulin secretion while suppressing glucagon release. This mechanism enhances blood sugar regulation, which is particularly beneficial for individuals with type 2 diabetes, where insulin production or responsiveness is compromised.
Currently, 12 GLP-1 therapies have received global approval, with nearly 40 additional molecules in various stages of development. However, the WHO has expressed concerns about access and affordability, noting that existing production capabilities can cater to less than 10% of those affected by obesity. Key barriers include high costs, limited manufacturing capacity, and supply-chain constraints.
Q1. What are GLP-1 therapies used for?
Answer: GLP-1 therapies are used for managing obesity and type 2 diabetes by mimicking a gut hormone that regulates appetite and blood sugar levels.
Q2. Why has WHO recognized obesity as a chronic disease?
Answer: WHO recognizes obesity as a chronic disease because it requires lifelong management and significantly impacts health through various complications.
Q3. How can GLP-1 therapies improve health outcomes?
Answer: These therapies can lead to significant weight loss, improved blood glucose control, and reduced risks of cardiovascular diseases and kidney strain.
Q4. What are the barriers to accessing GLP-1 therapies?
Answer: Key barriers include high costs, limited manufacturing capacity, and supply chain issues that hinder accessibility for patients who need these treatments.
Q5. What is included in the WHO's guidelines for obesity management?
Answer: The guidelines include recognizing obesity as a chronic disease, recommending GLP-1 therapies, and advocating for system improvements to enhance accessibility.
Question 1: What is the main purpose of GLP-1 therapies?
A) To cure diabetes
B) To manage obesity and improve blood sugar levels
C) To increase appetite
D) To decrease physical activity
Correct Answer: B
Question 2: How much weight loss can GLP-1 therapies help achieve within a year?
A) 5-10%
B) 10-15%
C) 15-25%
D) 30-40%
Correct Answer: C
Question 3: What is a significant barrier to accessing GLP-1 therapies?
A) High demand
B) High costs
C) Lack of awareness
D) Excessive availability
Correct Answer: B
Question 4: How has the WHO recognized obesity in its guidelines?
A) As a temporary condition
B) As a chronic disease requiring lifelong care
C) As a minor health issue
D) As a hereditary problem
Correct Answer: B
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