The recent tragedy in Wayanad, Kerala, underscores the pressing need to tackle environmental degradation in the Western Ghats. Known for its stunning landscapes and rich biodiversity, the Western Ghats are recognized as one of the most crucial ecological hotspots globally. However, this region faces significant threats from human activities and climate change.
The Western Ghats extend roughly 1,500 km along India’s southwest coast, encompassing six states. This mountain range is not only a UNESCO World Heritage site but also one of the world’s eight “hottest” biodiversity hotspots. The region is home to over 7,402 species of flowering plants, 1,814 species of non-flowering plants, 139 mammal species, 508 bird species, 179 amphibian species, 6,000 insect species, and 290 freshwater fish species.
Despite its ecological importance, the Western Ghats have been severely impacted by environmental degradation. Human activities such as deforestation, land conversion for agriculture and plantations, and urbanization have contributed to this decline. The high population density, particularly in states like Kerala, intensifies these pressures, leading to disasters like landslides and floods.
The recent calamity in Wayanad, which led to significant loss of life and property, was a direct result of environmental mismanagement and the fragile condition of the Western Ghats. Experts highlight that replacing natural vegetation with non-native plantations has destabilized the region, increasing its susceptibility to landslides during heavy rains.
In response to these escalating threats, the Centre has proposed a draft notification to designate approximately 57,000 square kilometers of the Western Ghats as an ‘ecologically sensitive area’. This classification aims to regulate development and limit activities that could further damage the ecosystem. Moreover, various protected areas, national parks, and wildlife sanctuaries have been established to conserve biodiversity and minimize human interference.
The Western Ghats play a pivotal role in shaping the Indian monsoon weather patterns. The mountains intercept moisture-laden monsoon winds, resulting in substantial rainfall that sustains the diverse ecosystems of the Ghats. However, climate change is disrupting these patterns, impacting water availability and agricultural practices in the region.
Effective long-term conservation efforts must prioritize sustainable land use and strict enforcement of ecological regulations. Recommendations from the Gadgil Commission to designate the entire region as an Ecologically Sensitive Area need to be revisited for effective implementation. Additionally, enhancing community engagement and raising awareness about the ecological significance of the Ghats is vital.
The health of the Western Ghats is crucial not only for the region's biodiversity and ecological balance but also for the livelihoods of millions who depend on its resources. Immediate and long-term measures are essential to mitigate the impacts of human activity and climate change on this invaluable ecological zone.
Q1. Why are the Western Ghats important?
Answer: The Western Ghats are crucial due to their rich biodiversity, including numerous endemic species. They also influence monsoon patterns, impacting agriculture and water resources in India.
Q2. What are the main threats to the Western Ghats?
Answer: Major threats include deforestation, urbanization, and agricultural expansion, which lead to habitat loss and increased vulnerability to natural disasters like floods and landslides.
Q3. What conservation measures are being implemented in the Western Ghats?
Answer: Measures include designating ecologically sensitive areas, establishing protected parks and wildlife sanctuaries, and regulating development activities to protect biodiversity.
Q4. How does climate change affect the Western Ghats?
Answer: Climate change alters rainfall patterns and water availability, affecting agriculture and the overall health of ecosystems in the Western Ghats, leading to potential biodiversity loss.
Q5. What role does community engagement play in conservation efforts?
Answer: Community engagement is vital for raising awareness and ensuring local participation in conservation efforts, which is essential for the sustainable management of the Western Ghats.
Question 1: What is the significance of the Western Ghats in India?
A) They are a UNESCO World Heritage site
B) They are the longest mountain range in India
C) They are the only habitat for certain endangered species
D) They are primarily desert regions
Correct Answer: A
Question 2: Which of the following is a major threat to the Western Ghats?
A) Deforestation
B) Urbanization
C) Agricultural expansion
D) All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Question 3: What recent measure was proposed to protect the Western Ghats?
A) Establishing new cities
B) Declaring ecologically sensitive areas
C) Promoting tourism
D) None of the above
Correct Answer: B
Question 4: How do the Western Ghats influence monsoon patterns?
A) They repel monsoon winds
B) They intercept moisture-laden winds
C) They have no effect on monsoon
D) They entirely block rain
Correct Answer: B
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