The issue of border fencing between India and Bangladesh has highlighted significant disputes related to unauthorized construction, bilateral agreements, and jurisdictional challenges. India’s primary objective is to prevent illegal migration, smuggling, and criminal activities. Conversely, Bangladesh has expressed concerns over potential violations of the 1975 border pact and the adverse effects on local communities.
The geographical intricacies of the border, particularly in the riverine areas of West Bengal, complicate the fencing issue. Currently, 3,141 km of the total 4,096.7 km border is fenced, while certain segments remain unfenced due to logistical and diplomatic obstacles.
The primary reason for constructing fences along the India-Bangladesh border is to enhance security. This involves curbing illegal migration, human trafficking, and smuggling, which have been persistent issues. For instance, states like Assam and Meghalaya have faced challenges related to unauthorized migration, while West Bengal has been a hotspot for cattle smuggling.
Bangladesh has raised several objections regarding the border fencing activities. They argue that these activities violate the 1975 agreement, which prohibits construction within 150 yards of the international border. Additionally, concerns have been voiced about the displacement of border communities, particularly in areas like Cooch Behar in Bengal and Dawki in Meghalaya, where many homes are within the fencing zone.
Recent incidents have intensified the dispute. For example, on January 6, 2025, the Border Security Force (BSF) attempted to build fencing in the Kalirhat block of West Bengal without prior consultation, leading to protests from Bangladesh. Similarly, on January 10, villagers in Cooch Behar protested against the construction of an improvised cattle fence by the BSF. These issues were temporarily resolved through discussions.
The India-Bangladesh border is characterized by diverse terrains, including plains, forests, and rivers. For example, the riverine border areas along the Padma and Teesta rivers are unsuitable for fencing, requiring the use of BSF patrol boats for monitoring. In Assam’s Karimganj district, frequent flooding damages fences, leading to repair challenges and increased costs.
In response to these challenges, the BSF has proposed employing modern surveillance technologies, such as CCTV cameras, drones, and electronic sensors, in areas where physical fencing is not feasible. In Assam’s Dhubri district, floating border outposts equipped with radar and infrared devices monitor the riverine sections effectively.
Disputes regarding border fencing are typically resolved through bilateral discussions and field-level coordination between the BSF and the Border Guard Bangladesh (BGB). Regular meetings address any concerns raised by either side. For instance, following the January 2025 incidents, both parties paused construction to facilitate discussions with local communities and officials.
While the fencing enhances security, it also impacts the socio-economic dynamics of border regions. Many villagers depend on cross-border trade and agriculture, which the fencing disrupts. For example, residents in Meghalaya’s Dawki region face restrictions on transporting goods across the border, adversely affecting their livelihoods.
“A secure border is not just a physical barrier but a shared commitment to peace and cooperation.”
Q1. Why is India constructing fences along the India-Bangladesh border?
Answer: The primary purpose of the fencing is to enhance border security by curbing illegal migration, human trafficking, smuggling, and other cross-border crimes.
Q2. What are Bangladesh’s concerns regarding the fencing?
Answer: Bangladesh objects to the fencing, citing violations of the 1975 agreement, which prohibits construction within 150 yards of the border, and concerns about community displacement.
Q3. What recent incidents have escalated the dispute?
Answer: Recent tensions arose when the BSF attempted to construct fencing in West Bengal without consultation, leading to protests from local communities and the Bangladeshi government.
Q4. How does geography complicate border fencing?
Answer: The diverse terrains of the border, particularly the riverine areas, make physical fencing impractical. Alternative measures include patrolling and electronic surveillance.
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