Understanding the Heritage of Classical Languages in India

1. Definition of Classical Languages

Classical languages are defined as those with a profound and ancient history, characterized by rich literary traditions and unique linguistic frameworks. In India, the recognition of such languages adheres to specific criteria, including:

• High antiquity of early texts or recorded history (over 1500–2000 years)
• A body of ancient literature regarded as a significant part of heritage
• Original literary tradition, not derived from external influences
• A distinct language structure and grammar

2. Languages Recognised as Classical

As of October 2024, eleven Indian languages have earned classical status from the Government of India:

• Tamil (2004)
• Sanskrit (2005)
• Kannada (2008)
• Telugu (2008)
• Malayalam (2013)
• Odia (2014)
• Marathi (2024)
• Pali (2024)
• Prakrit (2024)
• Assamese (2024)
• Bengali (2024)

3. Institutional Framework for Promotion

The Ministry of Education plays a pivotal role in promoting classical languages through various organizations, including:

• Language councils
• Central and state universities
• Research institutes
• Teacher training programmes

Central Sanskrit Universities, established under a 2020 Act, focus on teaching and research in Sanskrit. The Central Institute of Indian Languages (CIIL), situated in Mysuru, also aids in the development and promotion of classical languages like Kannada, Telugu, Malayalam, and Odia through regional centres.

4. Methods of Promotion

The promotion of classical languages encompasses various initiatives, including:

• Funding for academic research
• Publication of classical texts and their commentaries
• Scholarships and fellowships for students pursuing these languages
• Establishment of dedicated language departments in universities
• Organization of workshops, seminars, and conferences
• Training programmes aimed at language educators

5. Recent Initiatives

In 2024, the government acknowledged five additional languages as classical, raising the total to eleven. To bolster education in Indian languages, the Bharatiya Bhasha Pustak Scheme (BBPS) was introduced in the Union Budget 2025–26. This initiative aims to create textbooks in 22 languages, including classical ones, utilizing digital formats.

6. Benefits of Recognising Classical Languages

• Preserves ancient knowledge and literary traditions
• Encourages linguistic scholarship and fosters cultural pride
• Strengthens multilingual education in academic institutions
• Promotes regional literature, inscriptions, and epigraphy
• Facilitates academic cooperation across states and institutions

Classical languages hold significant importance not only for cultural identity but also for enhancing understanding of India’s intellectual heritage and its contributions to global civilization.