Understanding Ashoka's Influence on Buddhism and Ethical Governance

Ashoka’s Relationship with Buddhism

Emperor Ashoka, the third monarch of the Maurya Dynasty, ruled the Indian subcontinent from circa 268 to 232 BCE. He is often remembered for his conversion to Buddhism and the subsequent spread of its teachings.

Ashoka’s Early Association with Buddhism

• Minor Rock Edict: In his first Minor Rock Edict, Ashoka mentions his commitment to the teachings of the Buddha. He talks about the “Dhamma victories” instead of military conquests, highlighting his changed attitude after the Kalinga War.
• Dhamma vs. Buddhism: In his inscriptions, Ashoka often refers to the propagation of “Dhamma” (Dharma in Sanskrit). Dhamma, in Ashoka’s context, refers to a moral and ethical code rather than specific Buddhist doctrines. It encompasses virtues like respect for elders, kindness, generosity, and truthfulness.
• Secular Tone: Many of Ashoka’s edicts emphasize general moral virtues, the welfare of his subjects, and concern for animals, rather than direct promotion of Buddhist dogma or practices.
• Tolerance: Ashoka propagated religious tolerance and harmony. He mentioned his desire that all religions should reside everywhere, suggesting a more inclusive approach than an exclusively Buddhist one.

Buddhist Activities

• Support for Sangha: While he might not have overtly propagated Buddhism in his inscriptions, Ashoka actively supported the Buddhist Sangha (monastic community). He sponsored Buddhist councils and supported the construction of stupas and viharas.
• Pilgrimages: Ashoka undertook pilgrimages to significant Buddhist sites and installed pillars with inscriptions that, while focusing on Dhamma, also reinforced the sanctity of these locations.

Conclusion

While Ashoka’s commitment to Buddhism is unquestionable, his public inscriptions largely avoid overtly promoting Buddhism as a religion. Instead, he focused on a broader ethical and moral code, Dhamma, aiming to create a harmonious and morally upright society. This approach underlines his wisdom and the understanding that for a diverse and vast empire, the ruler’s role was to guide on universal values rather than specific religious doctrines.