The Wallace Line is a conceptual boundary that separates the ecozones of Asia and Australia. This line marks a significant transition zone where distinct species from both regions can be observed.
Geographically, the line extends between Borneo and Sulawesi in Indonesia, as well as between Bali and Lombok via the Lombok Strait. It further stretches into the Philippine Sea, delineating a crucial divide.
This boundary is essential as it showcases the unique flora and fauna present on either side. The northwest side is home to species that are closely related to those found in Asia, while the southeast side boasts a blend of both Asian and Australian species.
The concept of the Wallace Line was introduced by the British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace in 1863. He noted the significant differences in species distribution across this line during his explorations.
The limited movement of animals across the Wallace Line is attributed to robust ocean currents and various geographical barriers. These factors inhibit migration, leading to evolutionary divergence on either side.
Research indicates that the distribution of species along the Wallace Line is a result of tectonic plate movements that occurred around 35 million years ago, a period during which the continent of Australia drifted closer to Asia.
This line serves as a natural marker for researchers studying the adaptation, evolution, and migration of species in response to geographic and climatic changes over time.
While the Wallace Line itself does not have a direct link to India, studying such ecological boundaries enhances our understanding of biodiversity in regions like the Western Ghats and the Himalayan ecosystems, where similar transitional zones can be observed.
Today, the Wallace Line continues to illustrate ecological boundaries that play a crucial role in shaping conservation strategies in Indonesia and surrounding areas, aiming to protect the unique habitats and species found there.
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