The Status of Jains as a Religious Minority in India

Are Jains Considered a Religious Minority in India?

Yes, Jains were officially recognized as a religious minority by the central government in May 2014 under the National Commission for Minorities Act, 1992.

Impact of Minority Status on Personal Laws

No, the recognition of a community as a minority under this Act does not alter or impact the application of personal laws such as the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955.

Governance of Jains under Hindu Personal Laws

Yes, for legal purposes related to marriage, adoption, succession, and guardianship, Jains are covered under Hindu personal laws along with Hindus, Buddhists, and Sikhs.

Acts Governing Jains under Hindu Law

Jains are governed under the following personal laws:

• Hindu Marriage Act, 1955
• Hindu Succession Act, 1956
• Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956
• Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act, 1956

Inclusion of Jains in Hindu Personal Laws

Yes. All four Acts include Jains (along with Sikhs and Buddhists) within the meaning of Hindu unless stated otherwise, as clarified in the statutory definitions.

Provisions of the National Commission for Minorities Act, 1992

This Act authorizes the central government to notify religious minorities. However, it does not amend or override personal laws.

Understanding Minority and Personal Law in the Constitution

The terms “minority” and “personal law” are treated distinctly within the Constitution and law. “Minority” status is primarily for institutional and cultural protection, while “personal law” is governed by specific statutes. Recognition under one does not alter the applicability of the other.