Rare-earth magnets are powerful permanent magnets made from alloys of rare-earth elements like neodymium or samarium. Despite their small size, they produce strong magnetic fields and are used widely in modern technologies.
These magnets find applications in various fields, including:
The strength of rare-earth magnets comes from their high “magnetic energy density,” measured as BH(max). For instance, a neodymium-iron-boron magnet can reach over 400 kilojoules per cubic metre, making it nearly ten times stronger than ordinary ferrite magnets.
Yes, rare-earth magnets remain stable and effective at temperatures above 200°C when combined with elements like dysprosium or terbium. This stability is crucial for high-performance devices such as electric motors.
Scientists are looking for alternatives due to the high cost and limited supply of rare-earth elements, as well as the environmental harm caused by their mining. Finding substitutes could enhance sustainability, reduce reliance on imports, and lower costs.
One promising alternative is tetrataenite, an iron-nickel alloy originally found in meteorites, which scientists can now recreate in laboratories. Other potential materials include:
Some alternatives are nearing the strength of rare-earth magnets. For example, engineered tetrataenite has demonstrated magnetic properties close to those of neodymium magnets. However, mass production on an industrial scale is still under development.
India is advancing its research in magnetics, materials science, and electric mobility. Institutions like the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) and IITs are focusing on developing magnetic materials and sustainable manufacturing techniques. The push for self-reliance in electronics and defence also includes advancements in magnet technology.
Developing alternatives to rare-earth magnets can significantly benefit India by:
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