PM 10 and PM 2.5 refer to particulate matter with diameters less than 10 microns and 2.5 microns, respectively. These tiny particles can penetrate deep into the respiratory system, leading to health issues such as asthma, heart attacks, and bronchitis. The sources of PM 10 and PM 2.5 include emissions from factories, vehicles, construction activities, and road dust.
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) is produced by burning fuels and is commonly emitted by vehicles and power plants. Short-term exposure to NO2 can worsen respiratory diseases like asthma, while long-term exposure can contribute to the development of asthma and increase susceptibility to respiratory infections.
Ground-level Ozone (O3) is formed from atmospheric pollutants in the presence of sunlight. It can lead to an increased risk of hospital admissions for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and contribute to cardiovascular and respiratory deaths.
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) primarily comes from the burning of fossil fuels by power plants and other industrial processes. It can harm the cardiovascular system and respiratory health and contributes to the formation of harmful particulate matter.
Ammonia (NH3), largely from fertilizer use and livestock waste, contributes to aerosol pollution that is harmful to human health. It also impacts water quality and can lead to algal blooms and low-oxygen "dead zones" in aquatic environments.
Lead (Pb) contamination, often from industrial activities, is particularly hazardous to children. It can lead to severe poisoning, permanent intellectual disability, and behavioral disorders. Even lower levels of exposure can harm multiple body systems.
Carbon Monoxide (CO) is a toxic gas produced from burning carbon-containing fuels. High levels of CO can lead to unconsciousness or death, and long-term exposure is linked with an increased risk of heart disease.
Understanding these pollutants and their effects is crucial for addressing air quality issues and protecting public health.
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