The Evolution of Union Territories in India's Federal Structure

Understanding Union Territories in India's Federal Structure

India’s federal structure is characterized by the presence of Union Territories (UTs) alongside its states. The notion of UTs has undergone considerable evolution since the nation’s independence and the establishment of its Constitution. Initially, Union Territories were categorized under various classifications, namely Part A, B, C, and D states.

Initial Structure at Constitution Commencement

• Part A States: These were the former Governor's provinces of British India, including major provinces like Bombay, Madras, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar. They were governed by Governors appointed by the President.
• Part B States: Comprised former princely states or groups of states, such as Hyderabad, Jammu and Kashmir, and Mysore, governed by Raj Pramukhs, typically the former rulers of those princely states.
• Part C States: Smaller states and territories like Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, and Tripura fell under the administration of Chief Commissioners.
• Part D State: This designation was exclusive to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, which were directly administered under the President’s rule.

States Reorganisation Act and its Impact

The States Reorganisation Act of 1956 marked a significant turning point, leading to the reclassification and reorganization of states based on linguistic lines. This Act abolished the classifications of Part A, B, C, and D.

Creation of Union Territories

Many of the Part C states were transitioned into Union Territories due to various factors such as strategic importance, small geographical size, or unique administrative needs. The following territories were designated as Union Territories:

• Delhi
• Himachal Pradesh
• Manipur
• Tripura
• The Andaman and Nicobar Islands
• Lakshadweep (previously known as Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands)

Subsequent Developments and Statehood

Over the years, several Union Territories, including Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, and Tripura, were granted full statehood. Notably, Delhi was accorded special status as the National Capital Territory in 1991, establishing its own legislative assembly and Chief Minister, albeit with limited powers in areas such as law and order and land management.

Integration of Former Colonial Territories

Following liberation from colonial rule, various territories were incorporated into India:

• Portuguese Territories: Goa, Daman and Diu, and Dadra and Nagar Haveli were integrated into the Indian Union as Union Territories.
• French Territories: The former French colonies of Pondicherry, Karaikal, Mahe, and Yanam united to form the Union Territory of Puducherry in 1963.

Recent Reorganizations

Chandigarh, established in 1966, is a distinctive Union Territory that serves as the capital for both Punjab and Haryana, administered by the Governor of Punjab. In 2019, the erstwhile state of Jammu and Kashmir was bifurcated into two Union Territories: Jammu and Kashmir (with a legislature) and Ladakh (without a legislature). In 2020, the Union Territories of Daman and Diu, along with Dadra and Nagar Haveli, were merged into a single administrative unit to enhance governance efficiency.

Current Scenario

Today, India's Union Territories are varied, each with its distinct historical, cultural, and strategic importance. They continue to play a crucial role in the nation's federal framework, embodying the ethos of unity in diversity that India represents.