Makhana, also known as foxnut or gorgon nut, is the seed of the Euryale ferox plant, primarily cultivated in Bihar, especially in the Mithilanchal region. India contributes nearly 90% of global makhana production, making it a vital agricultural, nutritional, and economic resource. Traditionally consumed during fasting and festivals, makhana has evolved from a ritual food to a commercial crop with export potential.
Bihar’s warm climate, abundant wetlands, and the traditional expertise of the Mallah (fishermen) community make it ideal for makhana cultivation. Out of 38 districts, 21 are actively involved in production, and about 90% of it comes from Mithilanchal. Over one million farmers rely on this crop, reflecting its deep integration with the rural economy and livelihoods.
The Central Government established the Makhana Board in 2024 with its headquarters in Purnea to support farmers and improve productivity. In 2022, “Mithila Makhana” received Geographical Indication (GI) status, ensuring regional branding and global recognition. These initiatives aim to increase farmer incomes, promote value addition, and expand makhana’s reach in domestic and international markets.
Currently, only 1–2% of India’s makhana output is exported, leaving significant untapped potential. The government plans to increase productivity from 6 quintals to 28 quintals per hectare using improved varieties such as Swarn Vaidehi and Sabour Makhana-1. The entry of major FMCG and retail companies like Haldiram’s and Reliance highlights the sector’s growing profitability and commercial viability.
The makhana economy is closely tied to the Mallah community, categorized as an Extremely Backward Class (EBC). With elections approaching in Bihar, makhana has become a symbol of social empowerment and political mobilization. Leaders such as Mukesh Sahni and Shambhu Prasad Singh have leveraged its significance to advocate for community rights and rural development.
Despite its growth, makhana cultivation remains largely labour-intensive and unorganised. Key challenges include:
Efforts are ongoing to integrate makhana into modern agri-value chains to ensure fair prices, better technology access, and sustainable livelihoods.
With its inclusion in the Union Budget 2025–26 and the establishment of the Makhana Board, the government aims to promote makhana as part of India’s superfood export strategy. Combining health benefits, cultural heritage, and sustainable aquaculture practices, the sector represents a model for rural entrepreneurship and niche agri-business innovation.
Makhana, once a traditional snack from Bihar’s ponds, has evolved into a powerful economic and political symbol. With 90% of global production centred in Mithilanchal, it supports over a million farmers, primarily from EBC communities. The Makhana Board, GI recognition, and entry of large companies have boosted its profile. However, unorganised production and inadequate infrastructure continue to challenge its transformation into a globally competitive superfood industry.
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