Brown Sargassum algae, once valued for providing habitat in open waters, has now emerged as a major environmental threat in the Caribbean. In recent years, unprecedented blooms have drifted ashore, overwhelming beaches, harming tourism, and creating health hazards. As these algae rot, they release toxic gases and damage sensitive ecosystems such as seagrass meadows and coral reefs.
While the crisis is most visible in the Caribbean, India’s coastal states — including Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Lakshadweep, and the Andaman & Nicobar Islands — also report Sargassum presence. This raises the need for careful monitoring and sustainable use through alginate extraction, fertilizers, and biofuel research.
Warmer sea temperatures, nutrient-rich river runoff, and altered ocean currents are fueling the mass growth and drift of Sargassum algae.
The algae shade coral reefs and seagrass beds, reduce oxygen levels during decay, and disturb turtle nesting grounds.
Rotting algae release hydrogen sulfide and ammonia, which can cause breathing issues, headaches, and nausea among local communities and tourists.
Caribbean tourism is badly affected by foul-smelling beaches, while fisheries and boat traffic face disruption. Cleanup operations also add huge economic costs to the affected nations.
Though India has not yet experienced mass strandings like the Caribbean, Sargassum growth is reported along its coasts. Researchers are exploring safe valorisation methods for fertilizers, alginates, and biofuels, but continuous monitoring is vital to prevent ecological harm.
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