The cane toad has become a global symbol of ecological disruption, spreading far beyond its native South and Central American range. Initially introduced for agricultural pest control, it has instead caused severe ecological damage in many regions, underscoring the risks of relocating species across ecosystems.
The species was introduced to various countries, including Australia, the Caribbean, and Pacific islands, to control beetles affecting sugar-cane crops. However, the experiment failed as the toads reproduced rapidly, adapted to new habitats, and displaced native species. Their resilient physiology and tolerance for diverse environments enabled them to thrive across continents.
Adult cane toads generally measure between 10–20 centimetres, with some growing even larger. They possess thick, warty skin and distinct parotoid glands behind their eyes. These glands secrete potent bufotoxins, which can kill predators lacking natural resistance. Even juveniles, though less toxic, are hardy and contribute to rapid population expansion.
Cane toads thrive in extreme environmental conditions due to their remarkable physiological flexibility. They can withstand heat, cold, and dehydration, and readily adjust to disturbed or urban habitats. Studies show that individuals at the invasion front develop longer limbs and greater stamina, helping them disperse quickly. Their evolutionary adaptability makes them one of the world’s most successful invasive species.
Cane toads consume a wide range of prey, including insects, small vertebrates, and carrion, thereby disrupting local food webs. Their potent toxins have led to significant declines in native predator populations, especially in Australia. With rapid breeding rates and broad environmental tolerance, their population control remains a persistent ecological challenge.
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