Stubble burning refers to the practice of igniting crop residue left in fields after harvesting. This method is commonly observed in regions like Punjab and Haryana. Farmers resort to stubble burning primarily to swiftly clear their fields in preparation for the next sowing season, particularly transitioning from paddy to wheat.
The act of burning stubble significantly deteriorates air quality. It releases fine particulate matter, specifically PM2.5 and PM10, along with harmful gases such as carbon monoxide and methane. These pollutants contribute to the formation of smog, particularly affecting the National Capital Region (NCR).
Satellites play a crucial role in monitoring stubble burning activities. For instance, NASA’s Aqua and Suomi-NPP satellites utilize instruments like MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) and VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) to detect thermal anomalies and smoke. These satellites provide real-time data regarding the location and intensity of fires.
While satellite data is effective in identifying stubble fires, its resolution can pose limitations. For example, India's INSAT-3DR has a spatial resolution of 4 km for thermal data, potentially overlooking smaller fires. In contrast, international satellites like Sentinel-2 deliver finer resolutions, enhancing detection capabilities.
There are ongoing controversies regarding the use of satellite data for monitoring stubble burning. Allegations suggest that some farmers may delay their burning practices to evade detection during satellite overpasses, which complicates the accuracy of measurements.
In response to the challenges, the Indian government and ISRO are working on a standardized protocol aimed at enhancing the accuracy of stubble burning measurements by January 2024. This development involves integrating data from multiple satellites, including INSAT-3DR and Sentinel-2.
Farmers can explore several alternatives to stubble burning. Options include utilizing happy seeders, which allow sowing without prior residue removal, diversifying crops to lessen paddy cultivation, and converting stubble into bioenergy or organic manure. Financial incentives and educational programs can encourage these sustainable practices.
Various initiatives have been introduced to mitigate stubble burning. These encompass subsidies for agricultural machinery, penalties for those who burn stubble, and awareness campaigns. Nonetheless, challenges such as high equipment costs and the timing of implementation hinder their effectiveness.
"Preserving our air today secures a healthier tomorrow for the generations yet to come."
Q1. What are the main reasons for stubble burning?
Answer: Stubble burning is primarily practiced to clear fields rapidly after harvest, allowing farmers to prepare for the next sowing season, particularly for wheat following paddy.
Q2. How does stubble burning contribute to air pollution?
Answer: The burning process releases harmful particulate matter and gases, such as PM2.5, PM10, carbon monoxide, and methane, which significantly degrade air quality.
Q3. What satellites are used to monitor stubble burning?
Answer: Satellites like NASA’s Aqua and Suomi-NPP utilize thermal imaging and smoke detection instruments, such as MODIS and VIIRS, to monitor stubble burning activities.
Q4. Are there any financial incentives for farmers to reduce stubble burning?
Answer: Yes, various government initiatives offer subsidies for agricultural machinery and promote alternative practices to help farmers manage crop residues sustainably.
Q5. What steps is the Indian government taking to improve monitoring of stubble burning?
Answer: The government, in collaboration with ISRO, is developing a standardized protocol by January 2024 to enhance the accuracy of stubble burning measurements using multiple satellite data sources.
Question 1: What is stubble burning?
A) A method of crop harvesting
B) A process of burning leftover crop residue
C) A type of soil treatment
D) A pesticide application method
Correct Answer: B
Question 2: Which pollutants are primarily released during stubble burning?
A) Oxygen and helium
B) PM2.5 and methane
C) Nitrogen and carbon dioxide
D) Sulfur and hydrogen
Correct Answer: B
Question 3: Which satellite is known for monitoring stubble burning in India?
A) Hubble
B) INSAT-3DR
C) GPS
D) Voyager
Correct Answer: B
Question 4: What is a common alternative to stubble burning?
A) Burning with chemicals
B) Crop rotation
C) Happy seeders
D) Soil depletion
Correct Answer: C
Question 5: What is a consequence of stubble burning on air quality?
A) Improvement of air quality
B) Increase in oxygen levels
C) Contribution to smog
D) Reduction in particulate matter
Correct Answer: C
Question 6: What initiative is being developed by the Indian government regarding stubble burning?
A) Increased penalties for non-burners
B) Standardized monitoring protocol
C) Promotion of chemical fertilizers
D) Subsidies for burning equipment
Correct Answer: B
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