Santhara, also referred to as Sallekhana, is a significant religious vow in Jainism characterized by voluntary and gradual fasting until death. This practice is often undertaken by the elderly or those facing terminal illnesses. It serves as a spiritual act aimed at detaching from worldly ties and is believed to assist in shedding karmic bonds.
In Jain philosophy, Sallekhana is distinct from suicide. While suicide is viewed as an act driven by despair or emotional turmoil, Sallekhana is a conscious, peaceful choice made with spiritual intent. It avoids violence, poison, or weapons, emphasizing a serene transition rather than an impulsive act.
Both Jain monks and laypersons, irrespective of gender, can observe Sallekhana under specific spiritual and physical conditions. It is particularly relevant when death is imminent or when the body is unable to sustain the religious practice of life.
The practice of Sallekhana is viewed as a means to reduce passions and renounce physical attachments. It is believed to purify the soul by halting new karmic accumulation, thereby facilitating the attainment of liberation (moksha).
According to Jain cosmology, Sallekhana aids the soul's journey towards eternal truth through withdrawal from material existence. This practice symbolizes discipline, detachment, and mastery over desires, reinforcing the spiritual path.
In 2015, the Rajasthan High Court prohibited Sallekhana, equating it to suicide under Section 309 of the Indian Penal Code. This decision stemmed from concerns regarding the right to life and personal liberty.
In 2016, the Supreme Court stayed the Rajasthan High Court's ruling, effectively lifting the ban on Sallekhana. The Court acknowledged the necessity of considering religious freedom under Article 25 and recognized the philosophical differences between suicide and Sallekhana.
Before initiating Sallekhana, Jains adhere to specific safeguards, including a formal declaration, community consent, guidance from a spiritual mentor, and a lengthy preparatory phase involving meditation and internal purification. These measures help ensure that the practice is not misused or coerced.
Sallekhana remains a sensitive topic within medical ethics, end-of-life care, religious freedom, and legal boundaries. While some regard it as a dignified spiritual exit, others express concerns over potential misuse or coercion.
“Law governs life, but wisdom must guide when life itself is renounced in pursuit of truth and liberation.”
Q1. What is the main purpose of Sallekhana in Jainism?
Answer: The main purpose of Sallekhana is to achieve spiritual detachment and prepare the soul for liberation by gradually fasting until death, thus shedding karmic attachments.
Q2. Can anyone practice Sallekhana in Jainism?
Answer: Yes, both Jain monks and laypersons can practice Sallekhana, provided they are in specific spiritual and physical conditions, especially when death is near.
Q3. How does Sallekhana relate to the concept of karma in Jainism?
Answer: Sallekhana is believed to purify the soul by halting new karmic accumulation, aiding individuals in their quest for liberation (moksha) from the cycle of birth and death.
Q4. What legal issues arose regarding Sallekhana in India?
Answer: The legal controversy began in 2015 when the Rajasthan High Court deemed Sallekhana equivalent to suicide, leading to debates over the right to life and religious freedom.
Q5. What are the ethical considerations surrounding Sallekhana?
Answer: Ethical discussions focus on the potential for coercion, the dignity of dying, and the balance between individual rights and societal values regarding end-of-life decisions.
Question 1: What is Sallekhana in Jainism primarily associated with?
A) Ritual fasting
B) Spiritual detachment
C) Community service
D) Meditation practices
Correct Answer: B
Question 2: Which article of the Indian Constitution relates to the right to life?
A) Article 19
B) Article 25
C) Article 21
D) Article 14
Correct Answer: C
Kutos : AI Assistant!
