Satellite spectrum refers to the radio frequencies utilized for communication between satellites and ground stations. This spectrum is crucial for a range of satellite-based services, including broadcasting, navigation, and internet connectivity.
Unlike terrestrial spectrum, which is confined to national borders, satellite spectrum covers vast areas across multiple countries. As a result, most nations prefer administrative allocation to maintain a coordinated global system, preventing overlap and interference.
Terrestrial spectrum is designated for mobile and ground-based communications, often limited to specific geographical regions. In contrast, satellite spectrum operates over large areas and is globally coordinated through the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).
Satellite communication offers extensive coverage, particularly in remote areas where terrestrial networks, such as cable and fiber, are unavailable. It is also more resilient to natural disasters and severe weather, ensuring reliable communication during emergencies.
In India, the preference is shifting towards administrative allocation rather than auctions. This approach aims to ensure proper coordination with terrestrial networks. The Department of Telecommunications and TRAI are responsible for developing suitable guidelines for this allocation process.
The auction model is seldom employed for satellite spectrum due to the necessity for globally coordinated spectrum to avoid interference among operators. Managing spectrum allocation across borders is often more practical than auctioning national segments of satellite frequencies.
Several countries, including the United States, Brazil, and Saudi Arabia, have adopted the administrative allocation approach. While some, like the U.S., have conducted auctions, administrative methods remain the global standard for satellite spectrum.
Satellite-based internet offers broader coverage and can connect remote areas where traditional ground networks fall short. It is also resilient to extreme weather, ensuring uninterrupted communication during emergencies.
India's satellite communication sector is experiencing rapid growth, with projections suggesting it could reach $2 billion by 2028. Given the millions of untapped broadband households in rural areas, satellite services are viewed as a promising solution to expand internet access.
There is a significant demand for satellite spectrum in India, driven by the growing need for broadband connectivity and satellite-based services. This demand is expected to rise, especially as companies like Starlink enhance their operations in the country.
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