Rich History of China's Names: From Zhongguo to Cathay

Understanding the Historical Names of China

China boasts one of the oldest civilizations globally, with a rich history stretching back thousands of years. Throughout time, various civilizations, traders, and travelers referred to this vast land by different names. These names were shaped by cultural influences, trade routes, ruling dynasties, and foreign languages. Understanding these ancient names provides valuable insight into how China was perceived in historical contexts.

What is the Old Name of China?

The most ancient and widely recognized name for China is Zhongguo. This name has been in use by the Chinese people for over 3,000 years and remains the official designation for the country today.

Meaning of Zhongguo

The term Zhongguo translates to “Middle Kingdom” or “Central Land.” It is composed of two characters: Zhong, meaning middle or center, and Guo, meaning country or nation. The ancient Chinese believed their land was at the center of the world, both geographically and culturally, with other regions surrounding this central land.

Why Was China Called the Middle Kingdom?

In antiquity, Chinese civilization was significantly advanced compared to many neighboring regions. Due to their robust culture, organized government, and extensive knowledge, the Chinese regarded their nation as the heart of the world. This self-perception contributed to the enduring use of the name Zhongguo.

Other Old Names and Nicknames of China

• Cathay: This name was utilized by European explorers during the medieval period, originating from the Khitan people, who once ruled northern China. Famous travelers like Marco Polo popularized this name in Europe.
• Seres: Used by ancient Greek and Roman writers, this term refers to the “land of silk,” highlighting China's historical prominence in silk production and trade.
• Sina: An ancient name employed in India and Persia, believed to have originated from the Qin Dynasty, which later influenced the modern term “China.”
• Qin (Chin): The Qin Dynasty unified China in 221 BCE, and many historians suggest that the English word “China” is derived from the name Qin, pronounced as “Chin.”
• Huaxia: This cultural term describes the early Chinese people and their shared traditions, values, and history, representing the common heritage of Chinese civilization.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q1. What does the name Zhongguo mean?
Answer: The name Zhongguo means “Middle Kingdom” or “Central Land.” It reflects the ancient Chinese belief that their civilization was at the center of the world, both geographically and culturally.

Q2. Why was China considered the heart of the world?
Answer: Ancient Chinese civilization was highly developed, leading its people to perceive China as the heart of the world due to its strong culture, organized government, and advanced knowledge.

Q3. What is the significance of the name Cathay?
Answer: Cathay was a name used by European travelers, derived from the Khitans. It symbolizes the perception of China during medieval times and was popularized by explorers like Marco Polo.

Q4. How did the name Qin influence the English word “China”?
Answer: The name Qin, pronounced as “Chin,” comes from the Qin Dynasty, which unified China. This historical connection likely influenced the English term “China.”

Q5. What does Huaxia represent in Chinese history?
Answer: Huaxia symbolizes the early Chinese people's shared traditions, values, and history, encapsulating the cultural heritage of Chinese civilization.

UPSC Practice MCQs

Question 1: What does the term Zhongguo translate to in English?
A) Land of Silk
B) Middle Kingdom
C) Central Nation
D) Ancient Empire
Correct Answer: B

Question 2: Which dynasty is associated with the name Qin?
A) Han Dynasty
B) Tang Dynasty
C) Qin Dynasty
D) Ming Dynasty
Correct Answer: C

Question 3: What was the name used by European travelers for China during the medieval period?
A) Sina
B) Cathay
C) Seres
D) Huaxia
Correct Answer: B

Question 4: Which ancient name means "land of silk"?
A) Zhongguo
B) Cathay
C) Seres
D) Huaxia
Correct Answer: C

Question 5: How did the perception of China being the "Middle Kingdom" influence its historical identity?
A) It encouraged trade with Europe
B) It led to isolation from the world
C) It reinforced cultural superiority
D) It diminished its global influence
Correct Answer: C