India's strategic and economic interests in the South China Sea have seen a substantial rise, attributed to its Act East Policy and the imperative of ensuring freedom of navigation in key international sea lanes. The region is a vital trade corridor, with approximately $5 trillion of global trade flowing through it annually, significantly impacting India's energy imports.
Moreover, India's defense and diplomatic connections with countries such as the Philippines, Vietnam, and Indonesia have intensified, positioning it as an active participant in these disputed waters. However, China perceives India's increasing engagement as part of a broader US-led containment strategy. An illustrative incident is when an Indian Coast Guard ship, ICGS Shaunak, was shadowed by a Chinese Coast Guard vessel near Scarborough Shoal, highlighting the mounting challenges posed by China's assertive maneuvers in the area.
India's primary interests in the South China Sea revolve around ensuring freedom of navigation, safeguarding critical trade routes, and bolstering defense partnerships with Southeast Asian countries. Additionally, India has supported regional allies via arms exports, joint military exercises, and diplomatic initiatives.
The South China Sea holds strategic importance for India, given its significance to trade and energy security. It also provides a platform for India to assert its role in the Indo-Pacific, counterbalance China, and fortify ties with ASEAN nations.
China views India's activities, such as the supply of BrahMos missiles to the Philippines and conducting naval exercises, as part of a comprehensive containment approach. China has employed aggressive Coast Guard tactics to assert its dominance, even in waters stretching beyond its legitimate claims.
The Chinese Coast Guard functions as a paramilitary force equipped with advanced vessels, including the 10,000-ton Zhataou-class cutters. Their coercive strategies, while remaining below the threshold of war, create a complicated security environment for nations like India and the Philippines.
India has enhanced maritime security cooperation with Southeast Asian countries by signing MoUs with the Philippines, exporting defense equipment, and conducting joint exercises with ASEAN nations. In 2023, India endorsed adherence to the 2016 PCA ruling on the South China Sea disputes, marking a significant policy shift.
The 2016 ruling invalidated China's nine-dash line claims, favoring the Philippines. Despite China's rejection of the decision, India's recent support for the ruling underscores its commitment to international law and a rules-based order.
The shadowing of ICGS Shaunak reflects China's increasingly aggressive stance, complicating regional security dynamics. This incident underscores the need for stronger international collaboration to counter unilateral actions and maintain peace in the Indo-Pacific.
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