As winter approaches, the air quality in North India deteriorates significantly, with smog becoming a common occurrence. This environmental challenge is intensified by factors such as low temperatures, stagnant winds, the burning of crop stubble, and the use of firecrackers. The issue is further compounded by industrial and vehicular emissions, affecting even coastal cities like Mumbai.
China, once plagued by severe pollution, is now frequently referenced as a model for air quality improvement. In the late 2000s, China faced a pollution crisis reminiscent of India's current situation, driven by rapid industrialisation and urbanisation. The country's response involved aggressive policy measures that yielded significant improvements across nearly 80% of its regions.
China's effective approach included heavy investments in pollution-control technologies and the shutdown of numerous outdated industrial units. The nation also prioritized the transition to Electric Vehicles (EVs), recognizing their reduced emissions compared to traditional vehicles. Cities like Shenzhen set global examples by fully electrifying their bus fleets, leading to a substantial decrease in urban emissions.
Despite China's success, the approach had its challenges. Strict targets occasionally resulted in data manipulation or unauthorized reopening of factories. Additionally, China's air-quality standards are still less stringent than those in Western countries, indicating room for further improvement.
Both India and China have enacted environmental laws since the 1980s, but the effectiveness of these laws has varied. While China has been consistent in its implementation, India often resorts to reactive measures like GRAP, which only come into play when pollution levels reach critical thresholds.
Experts suggest that India could benefit from adopting key strategies that have worked for China. These include implementing stricter emission norms for industries and vehicles, expanding public transport systems, promoting the use of clean fuels, and enhancing environmental monitoring and research. However, India's unique challenges, such as biomass burning in rural areas and limited access to clean fuels, require tailored solutions.
While India cannot replicate China's model entirely, taking comprehensive, science-based, and accountable actions can lead to significant improvements in air quality. By learning from China's experience and adapting its strategies to local conditions, India can work towards a cleaner and healthier environment.
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