Kyasanur Forest Disease is a viral hemorrhagic fever caused by the KFD virus, a member of the Flaviviridae family. The disease is primarily transmitted to humans through bites from infected ticks or contact with animals that carry these ticks.
The transmission of KFD occurs through the bite of infected ticks, particularly the Haemaphysalis spinigera species. Additionally, humans can contract the disease by coming into contact with animals such as monkeys, livestock, shrews, and rodents that harbor these ticks. The peak season for transmission typically runs from November to May, coinciding with the nymphal activities of ticks.
Certain groups are more susceptible to KFD, including forest dwellers, wood collectors, wildlife personnel, and those who venture into endemic forest areas for work or recreational purposes. Notably, person-to-person transmission of KFD has not been documented.
Symptoms of Kyasanur Forest Disease can manifest as high-grade fever, headache, myalgia, extreme weakness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and muscle pain. In severe instances, the disease can lead to hemorrhagic or neurological complications.
As of October 2022, the formalin-inactivated tissue-culture vaccine that was developed for KFD has been suspended due to concerns regarding its efficacy. Current efforts are focused on the development of a new vaccine to combat the disease.
Currently, there is no specific antiviral treatment available for KFD. The management of the disease revolves around symptomatic and supportive care, which includes hydration and the regulation of blood pressure and heart rate.
The mortality rate associated with Kyasanur Forest Disease ranges from 2% to 10%. Additionally, approximately 20% of patients experience the illness in two phases, with the second phase possibly leading to severe hemorrhagic or neurological symptoms.
Confirmation of suspected KFD cases is conducted using RT-PCR tests or serologic testing, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent serologic assays (ELISAs).
The recent increase in KFD cases, particularly noted in 2024, has been linked to decreased rainfall, which affects the natural washing away of infected ticks. Typically, KFD outbreaks peak every four to five years.
Ongoing disease surveillance in endemic regions is crucial, including monitoring in remote areas. Efforts are also underway to develop a new vaccine. Public health campaigns are being implemented to educate and inform at-risk populations about the disease.
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