India's approach to its South Asian neighbors is deeply rooted in the desire to maintain influence within the region. This policy has been shaped by both regional and global political dynamics, oscillating between realist and idealist strategies. The overarching goal has been to strengthen India's standing in South Asia.
In the years following its independence, India signed several important friendship treaties with countries such as Afghanistan, Nepal, and Bhutan. These agreements were instrumental in fostering strong political ties and securing India's strategic interests in the region.
The longstanding territorial disputes between India and Pakistan, particularly concerning Kashmir, have led to multiple wars and a persistent state of tension. These conflicts have profoundly influenced India's regional policy and its diplomatic relationships with surrounding nations.
Introduced in 1996, the Gujral Doctrine marked a shift in India's regional policy. It emphasized unreciprocated cooperation with countries including Nepal, Maldives, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. This doctrine advocated for respecting sovereignty and non-interference, aiming to promote peace and diminish the influence of external powers such as Pakistan and China.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi's Neighbourhood First policy represents a strategic prioritization of security, economic collaboration, cultural exchanges, and people-to-people connections. This initiative has reinforced India's relations with neighbors through measures like the ratification of the Land Boundary Agreement with Bangladesh and increased developmental assistance to nations like the Maldives and Sri Lanka.
China's expanding presence in South Asia presents significant challenges for India. Many regional neighbors have sought to align with China to counterbalance India's power, particularly in light of India’s military defeat by China in 1962. This shift has resulted in enhanced Chinese political and economic influence across the region.
Recent developments, including India's blockade of Nepal from 2015 to 2016 and the inclusion of the disputed Kalapani region in India's political map, have led to heightened tensions. These actions have been perceived by Nepal as interference in its domestic affairs, resulting in strained diplomatic relations.
The relationship between India and Bangladesh is currently challenged by several issues, including the National Register of Citizens in Assam, the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, and cross-border movement of people and cattle. The unresolved Teesta Water deal continues to be a significant point of contention.
To maintain its leadership position in South Asia, India must engage constructively with its neighbors and refrain from interfering in their internal matters unless it directly concerns national interests. Encouraging regional cooperation and managing hyper-nationalistic sentiments will be vital for enhancing India's influence in the region.
These insights provide a comprehensive overview of the complex geopolitical landscape in South Asia and outline India's strategic approach in navigating regional challenges.
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