Importance of Wetlands and Conservation Efforts in India

What are Wetlands?

Wetlands are unique ecosystems where land is covered by water, either permanently or seasonally. These areas encompass various habitats, including marshes, swamps, ponds, lakes, estuaries, mangroves, and floodplains. Wetlands play a crucial role in the environment by acting as natural water purifiers, bolstering biodiversity, controlling floods, recharging groundwater, and providing habitats for numerous plant and animal species.

Who is Responsible for Protecting Wetlands in India?

According to the Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017, the responsibility for protecting wetlands primarily lies with state governments or Union Territory administrations. Each state or UT is required to establish a Wetlands Authority tasked with managing, monitoring, and protecting these vital ecosystems. The central government, through the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), provides necessary guidelines and policy support to enhance these efforts.

Why is Wetland Conservation Important?

• Wetlands serve as natural reservoirs, storing floodwaters and helping to prevent waterlogging and droughts.
• These ecosystems filter pollutants, improving overall water quality.
• Rich in biodiversity, wetlands support various species, including birds, fish, amphibians, and diverse plant life.
• They also contribute to the livelihoods of local communities, particularly those reliant on fishing and agriculture.

What are Ramsar Sites?

Ramsar Sites are wetlands recognized for their international importance under the Ramsar Convention, a global treaty established in 1971 to promote the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands. India is a signatory to this convention and, as of 2024, boasts 75 Ramsar Sites, making it one of the leading countries worldwide for designated wetland areas. These sites must adhere to strict ecological standards to maintain their international recognition.

What are the Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017?

The Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017, were enacted to regulate activities within wetland areas and prevent their degradation. Key provisions include:

• Prohibiting the conversion of wetlands for non-wetland purposes.
• Banning the establishment of industries, waste dumping, and construction within 50 meters of wetland boundaries.
• Assigning states the responsibility to identify and notify wetlands.
• Replacing the previous central regulatory body with state-level Wetlands Authorities.

What was the Recent Issue Involving NHAI and a Wetland in Delhi?

In 2024, the National Green Tribunal (NGT) took action regarding a report indicating that the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) constructed a road over a protected pond in southwest Delhi. The Ministry of Environment clarified that wetland conservation is primarily a state responsibility, emphasizing that the Delhi government should have intervened to prevent such construction. Additionally, the land-owning agency, the Delhi Development Authority, and the pollution control board (DPCC) share accountability.

What are the Challenges in Wetland Conservation?

• The lack of updated records and unclear wetland boundaries complicates conservation efforts.
• Weak enforcement of regulations by local authorities hinders effective management.
• Urbanization and infrastructure developments often overlook the ecological impacts on wetlands.
• There is insufficient public awareness regarding the significance and benefits of wetlands.

How Can Wetlands be Protected Better?

• Enhanced coordination between central and state agencies is essential for effective management.
• Clear demarcation and digital mapping of wetland boundaries can improve oversight.
• Encouraging public participation and involving local communities in conservation efforts is crucial.
• Implementing strict actions against violations and encroachments can help protect these ecosystems.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q1. What are the main functions of wetlands?
Answer: Wetlands serve multiple functions, including water purification, flood control, and habitat provision for diverse species. They also help recharge groundwater and support local economies through fisheries and agriculture.

Q2. How many Ramsar Sites are there in India?
Answer: As of 2024, India has 75 Ramsar Sites, making it one of the leading countries in the world for designated wetlands of international importance.

Q3. What are the main challenges to wetland conservation in India?
Answer: Key challenges include urbanization, weak enforcement of laws, unclear boundaries, and a lack of public awareness regarding the ecological significance of wetlands.

Q4. What role do states play in wetland management in India?
Answer: States are responsible for forming Wetlands Authorities to manage, monitor, and protect wetlands, as per the Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017.

Q5. Why is public awareness important for wetland conservation?
Answer: Public awareness fosters community involvement and support for conservation initiatives, which is crucial for the effective protection and sustainable management of wetland ecosystems.

UPSC Practice MCQs

Question 1: What is the primary function of wetlands?
A) Habitat for wildlife
B) Water storage and purification
C) Agricultural use
D) Recreational area
Correct Answer: B

Question 2: How many Ramsar Sites does India have as of 2024?
A) 50
B) 65
C) 75
D) 80
Correct Answer: C