Tanjore, also known as Thanjavur, has been a prominent seat of power throughout its history. During the medieval period, it served as the capital of the Chola Empire and later as an important territory under the Nayaka and Maratha rulers. This city significantly contributed to South India's political, cultural, and architectural landscape.
The Chola dynasty, reigning from the 9th to the 13th centuries, was one of South India’s most influential dynasties. They established Tanjore as their capital and introduced administrative reforms that transformed governance. The Cholas were also known for their extensive trade networks and monumental temple architecture, notably the Brihadeeswarar Temple, which is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Following the Chola dynasty, the Nayakas, who were linked to the Vijayanagara Empire, governed Tanjore. Their rule was marked by a flourishing of art, literature, and temple culture, as they blended Dravidian and Vijayanagara architectural styles. This cultural synthesis enriched Tanjore's historical narrative.
The Marathas, particularly under the leadership of Serfoji II, came to power after initially serving as agents for an enemy Sultan. They eventually overthrew the Nayakas, establishing their rule in Tanjore. Serfoji II, who ruled from 1798 to 1832, is remembered as a patron of education, arts, and sciences. He founded the Saraswathi Mahal Library, which became a repository of ancient manuscripts and knowledge.
The cultural impact of the Cholas, Nayakas, and Marathas on Tanjore is profound:
Tanjore is often called the cultural capital of Tamil Nadu. Its historical rulers contributed to the city’s rich tapestry of magnificent temples, classical music, dance, and traditional art forms like Tanjore painting, solidifying its reputation as a cultural hub.
The architectural wonders of Tanjore are highlighted by the Brihadeeswarar Temple, a testament to Chola architecture. The temples built during the Nayaka and Maratha periods also reflect unique architectural styles and cultural influences.
The Nayakas, who served as governors under the Vijayanagara Empire, adopted various administrative and cultural practices from their rulers. After gaining independence, they continued to promote Vijayanagara traditions, especially in architecture and temple festivals.
Maratha rule in Tanjore concluded in the mid-19th century when the British East India Company annexed the region under the Doctrine of Lapse following the death of Shivaji II, the last Maratha ruler.
Tanjore’s history is a confluence of dynasties, showcasing a legacy that has profoundly shaped South India’s cultural, architectural, and literary brilliance.
Q1. What was Tanjore's role during the Chola dynasty?
Answer: Tanjore served as the capital of the Chola dynasty, where significant administrative reforms, trade networks, and monumental temple architecture were established, including the famous Brihadeeswarar Temple.
Q2. Who was Serfoji II and why is he important?
Answer: Serfoji II was a notable Maratha ruler of Tanjore known for his patronage of education, arts, and sciences, and for founding the Saraswathi Mahal Library.
Q3. How did the Nayakas influence Tanjore’s culture?
Answer: The Nayakas contributed significantly to Tanjore's cultural landscape by enhancing temple architecture and promoting classical arts like Bharatanatyam and Carnatic music.
Q4. What led to the end of Maratha rule in Tanjore?
Answer: The Maratha rule ended in the mid-19th century when Tanjore was annexed by the British East India Company under the Doctrine of Lapse after the death of Shivaji II.
Q5. Why is Tanjore known as the cultural capital of Tamil Nadu?
Answer: Tanjore is considered the cultural capital due to its rich heritage of magnificent temples, classical music, dance, and traditional art forms like Tanjore painting.
Question 1: Who established Tanjore as the capital during the medieval period?
A) Nayakas
B) Cholas
C) Marathas
D) Vijayanagara Empire
Correct Answer: B
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