The recent G-20 summit held in Delhi brought significant focus to climate goals. Among the key outcomes was the consensus to triple renewable energy capacity while doubling energy efficiency improvements by 2030. Despite this, the phasing out of fossil fuels remains a contentious issue without consensus.
Any energy transition initiative should embrace two critical normative ideals. First, the internalization of cost, which mandates that entities emitting greenhouse gases should bear the social and environmental costs. Secondly, climate justice advocates for compensating those harmed by climate change, even if they are not major contributors to its causes.
In India, the effects of climate change disproportionately affect the poor. Agrarian and economic challenges are compounded by changes in rainfall, temperature, and extreme climate events, which directly impact agricultural productivity and lead to income loss. Additionally, rising ocean temperatures affect fish stocks, posing severe challenges for fishing communities.
India has outlined its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC), aiming for 40% of its total installed power generation capacity to come from clean energy sources. The nation has also pledged to achieve net-zero emissions by 2070.
To tackle regional inequalities, India can transfer funds to states heavily reliant on coal and implement state-specific programs focused on reskilling, development, and local rehabilitation needs. This approach is often referred to as "green federalism," emphasizing the role of sub-national governments in climate justice and inequality.
The Paris Agreement underscores the importance of a just transition, advocating for the creation of decent work and quality jobs in alignment with nationally defined development priorities during the shift to renewable energy.
Addressing economic, social, and regional inequalities is crucial in India's energy transition. Policies must be crafted to avoid exacerbating existing class, caste, and regional disparities. A holistic approach is essential to ensure an equitable and sustainable transition.
Sub-national governments in India play a pivotal role in addressing climate inequality. They can implement policies aligned with climate justice, climate adaptation, and disaster management that cater to their state's development priorities.
Coal remains a major contributor to India's energy supply, accounting for 56.1% of the total as of 2021. Primarily located in poorer regions of eastern and central India, the coal sector provides significant revenue and employment for state governments.
Green federalism is a critical concept emphasizing the role of sub-national governments in addressing climate justice within a federal governance structure. This approach calls for cooperation and policy alignment between the Union and state governments, ensuring climate policies are tailored to each state's unique needs and aspirations.
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