Genomics has become a powerful tool in wildlife conservation, helping scientists assess the genetic health of animal populations. When wildlife becomes confined to small or isolated forest patches, they often breed within the same group. This increases the risk of genetic disorders, reduced fitness, and lower chances of survival. By analysing DNA, researchers can identify harmful mutations, study movement patterns, and design effective conservation strategies.
Small and isolated populations, such as the tigers of Similipal, may descend from the same ancestors. Over time, this results in the repeated inheritance of faulty genes—one example being the mutation responsible for their darker coat colour. Similar challenges have been observed in the Florida panther, where prolonged isolation led to heart defects until new individuals were introduced to restore genetic diversity.
DNA analysis helps identify harmful gene variants that may threaten long-term survival. Example: Scientists detected specific genetic mutations in Similipal’s tigers linked to coat colour and potential health issues.
When wildlife populations are separated by highways, farmlands, or habitat fragmentation, genomics guides decisions on managed breeding and creating wildlife corridors. Example: Introducing Texas cougars into the Florida panther population improved genetic health and reduced inherited defects.
Before relocating animals, scientists use genome studies to determine whether populations are genetically compatible. Example: Genetic research on several bird species in the US helped shape relocation strategies responding to climate-related pressures.
DNA collected from scat, hair, or other traces enables conservationists to track population size, family relationships, and movement patterns. Example: In India, genetic tools are used to map tiger lineages across fragmented landscapes, strengthening conservation planning.
Genomic analysis reduces the risks of inbreeding, provides insights into population health, and supports long-term survival planning for vulnerable species—especially in landscapes heavily altered by human activities. It allows conservationists to make informed, science-backed decisions that protect wildlife well into the future.
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