On June 4, 2024, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) faced a significant political challenge by not securing a majority in the Lok Sabha. This development compelled the party to rely on its regional partners within the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) to establish a government. This transition from a majoritarian framework to coalition governance opens doors to revitalizing India's federal structure, which has encountered numerous obstacles over the last decade.
Since 2014, there has been a noticeable trend towards centralizing power at the expense of State autonomy, despite the government's stated commitment to cooperative federalism. This coercive approach has manifested in various ways:
The expiration of the 91st Amendment in 2026, which determines the allocation of parliamentary constituencies based on the 1971 Census, poses a significant risk. The ruling party has signaled no intention to renew this provision, which could result in Hindi-speaking States gaining a two-thirds majority, potentially marginalizing southern States and consolidating the BJP's control over Parliament.
Moreover, the Fifteenth Finance Commission's decision to base allocations on the 2011 Census instead of the 1971 Census has further worsened fiscal disparities. This change increases the financial burden on successful southern States, which end up subsidizing those with higher illiteracy rates and population growth.
While regional parties within the NDA might aim for enhanced benefits for their States, their ability to strengthen cooperative federalism remains questionable. Their focus appears to be on obtaining cabinet positions rather than advocating for a more equitable federal structure.
To reinvigorate federalism, it is essential to revive the Inter-State Council. Established under Article 263 of the Constitution, this council could facilitate consultation, decision-making, and dispute resolution between States and the central government. However, it has remained largely inactive and requires significant reform to fulfill its intended purpose.
The current transition to coalition governance offers States a unique opportunity to leverage the BJP’s diminished majority to advocate for cooperative federalism. By collaborating, States can strive for a fairer distribution of resources and representation.
It is crucial that financial support does not penalize high-performing States. While wealthier States must assist poorer ones, the distribution should be equitable, acknowledging the contributions and demands of all regions.
The prevailing political landscape presents a valuable chance to fortify India’s federal structure. By addressing regional disparities and promoting cooperative federalism, India can foster a governance model that is more balanced and inclusive for its diverse States.
Q1. What is the significance of coalition governance in India?
Answer: Coalition governance in India allows for a more inclusive approach, accommodating diverse regional interests and fostering cooperative federalism, crucial for addressing local challenges.
Q2. How does centralization affect State autonomy?
Answer: Centralization restricts State autonomy by concentrating power in the central government, undermining the federal principles that allow States to manage their affairs effectively.
Q3. What role do regional parties play in federalism?
Answer: Regional parties can influence federalism positively by advocating for local interests, but their effectiveness often depends on their collaboration within larger coalitions.
Q4. Why is the Inter-State Council important?
Answer: The Inter-State Council is vital for facilitating dialogue and cooperation between States and the central government, helping to resolve disputes and coordinate policies.
Q5. What are the implications of fiscal disparities?
Answer: Fiscal disparities can exacerbate inequalities between States, making it difficult for less developed regions to catch up and potentially leading to social and economic tensions.
Question 1: What is the purpose of the Inter-State Council in India?
A) To centralize power in the central government
B) To facilitate cooperation among States and the central government
C) To manage the national economy
D) To oversee elections in States
Correct Answer: B
Question 2: Which amendment is associated with the allocation of parliamentary constituencies?
A) 91st Amendment
B) 73rd Amendment
C) 42nd Amendment
D) 86th Amendment
Correct Answer: A
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