Assam's tea industry is confronting significant challenges posed by climate change and shifting weather patterns that disrupt the essential conditions for tea cultivation. Introduced in the 19th century, tea has become a globally recognized commodity, integral to a $10 billion economy and providing livelihoods for over 1.2 million workers.
Tea thrives in a narrow temperature range of 13°C to 28°C, with an optimal range of 23°C–25°C. The ideal annual rainfall for tea cultivation is between 1,500 mm and 2,500 mm, complemented by slightly acidic, fertile soils. Historically, these conditions were abundant across the Brahmaputra valley but are now increasingly under stress.
A study utilizing IPCC climate models forecasts that major tea-growing areas like South Bank, Upper Assam, and Cachar may become less suitable for tea cultivation by 2050. This scenario may necessitate a gradual relocation of tea plantations to higher-altitude regions such as Karbi Anglong and Dima Hasao.
Several adaptation strategies can be implemented to address these challenges:
In 2024, India achieved a significant milestone by surpassing Sri Lanka as the world's second-largest tea exporter. Indian teas, including Assam, Darjeeling, and Nilgiri, are renowned worldwide. Black tea dominates exports, comprising about 96% of shipments, while green, herbal, masala, and lemon teas further enhance India's international presence.
India exports tea to various nations, with the UAE, Iraq, USA, Russian Federation, and Iran emerging as key destinations. These markets highlight the global demand for Indian tea and its significance in the international market.
Q1. How is climate change affecting Assam's tea industry?
Answer: Climate change results in erratic rainfall, rising temperatures, and new pests, leading to decreased yields and higher production costs for Assam's tea industry.
Q2. What are the ideal conditions for tea cultivation in Assam?
Answer: Assam's tea thrives in temperatures between 13°C and 28°C, with annual rainfall of 1,500 to 2,500 mm, and prefers slightly acidic, fertile soils.
Q3. What adaptation strategies are suggested for Assam's tea planters?
Answer: Suggested strategies include developing drought-resistant tea varieties, implementing soil conservation, and diversifying into other agricultural practices for additional income.
Q4. What milestone did India achieve in tea exports in 2024?
Answer: India surpassed Sri Lanka to become the world's second-largest tea exporter, highlighting its significant role in the global tea market.
Q5. Which countries are the major importers of Indian tea?
Answer: Major export destinations for Indian tea include the UAE, Iraq, USA, Russian Federation, and Iran, reflecting the global demand for Indian tea.
Question 1: What is the optimal temperature range for tea cultivation in Assam?
A) 10°C to 20°C
B) 13°C to 28°C
C) 15°C to 30°C
D) 20°C to 35°C
Correct Answer: B
Question 2: By what year is it projected that major tea-growing regions in Assam may become less suitable for cultivation?
A) 2030
B) 2040
C) 2050
D) 2060
Correct Answer: C
Question 3: Which tea variety dominates India's export market?
A) Green tea
B) Herbal tea
C) Black tea
D) Masala tea
Correct Answer: C
Question 4: What is one suggested adaptation strategy for tea planters in Assam?
A) Increasing chemical use
B) Developing drought-resistant varieties
C) Reducing planting areas
D) Focusing on traditional methods
Correct Answer: B
Question 5: Which region in Assam is projected to become a potential area for tea cultivation due to climate change effects?
A) South Bank
B) Upper Assam
C) Karbi Anglong
D) Cachar
Correct Answer: C
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