Deep-sea mining is the process of extracting minerals and resources from the ocean floor. Key resources include polymetallic nodules, polymetallic sulphides, and cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts. As industries grow, this activity is anticipated to gain significance in the upcoming decades.
Polymetallic nodules are irregular lumps comprising iron, manganese hydroxides, and rock, found partially submerged on the ocean floor. These nodules contain valuable metals like manganese, copper, and nickel, making them economically appealing for extraction.
Deep-sea mining is vital as it opens access to essential minerals required across multiple industries, including electronics, renewable energy, and transportation. Such resources are critical for technological advancements and sustainable development.
The International Seabed Authority (ISA) oversees deep-sea mining activities. The ISA grants contracts lasting 15 years to countries and companies, allowing them to explore and potentially exploit these oceanic resources.
A recent study highlighted the phenomenon of 'dark oxygen,' which is produced in deep ocean waters where sunlight cannot penetrate. This oxygen may arise from interactions between polymetallic nodules and water molecules. The implications of this discovery raise concerns about the potential impacts of mining on these unique ecosystems.
Deep-sea mining poses threats to marine ecosystems, particularly those dependent on 'dark oxygen.' Previous research indicates that disturbances caused by mining can result in long-term effects on local biodiversity and the overall functionality of these ecosystems.
To promote sustainability in deep-sea mining, it is essential to conduct comprehensive environmental impact assessments. The development of technology that minimizes ecological disturbances is also crucial. Furthermore, enforcing international regulations and guidelines is necessary to protect marine life effectively.
India has engaged with the ISA to explore polymetallic nodules and polymetallic sulphides located on the deep seabed. As part of its 'Deep Ocean Mission,' the Ministry of Earth Sciences is developing a submersible vehicle to facilitate this exploration.
The Clarion-Clipperton Zone, situated off the west coast of Mexico, is renowned for possessing the highest concentration of polymetallic nodules globally. This area is rich in manganese, copper, and nickel, making it a focal point for mining activities.
The presence of 'dark oxygen' suggests the existence of previously unknown ecosystems that could be adversely affected by mining operations. Protecting these ecosystems is crucial for preserving oceanic biodiversity and overall health.
Q1. What is deep-sea mining?
Answer: Deep-sea mining refers to the extraction of minerals from the ocean floor, including polymetallic nodules and sulphides, to meet industrial demands.
Q2. Why are polymetallic nodules important?
Answer: Polymetallic nodules contain valuable metals like manganese, copper, and nickel, making them economically significant for various industries, including technology and energy.
Q3. How does deep-sea mining affect the environment?
Answer: Deep-sea mining can disrupt marine ecosystems, particularly those reliant on 'dark oxygen,' leading to potential long-term biodiversity loss and ecosystem damage.
Q4. What is the role of the International Seabed Authority?
Answer: The ISA regulates deep-sea mining activities by granting exploration contracts and ensuring compliance with environmental standards to protect marine resources.
Q5. How is India participating in deep-sea mining?
Answer: India is exploring polymetallic nodules through contracts with the ISA and is developing technology as part of its 'Deep Ocean Mission' to enhance exploration efforts.
Question 1: What are polymetallic nodules primarily composed of?
A) Iron and aluminum
B) Iron and manganese hydroxides
C) Copper and nickel
D) Manganese and cobalt
Correct Answer: B
Question 2: Which organization regulates deep-sea mining activities?
A) United Nations Environment Programme
B) International Seabed Authority
C) World Wildlife Fund
D) Marine Conservation Society
Correct Answer: B
Question 3: What is the Clarion-Clipperton Zone known for?
A) Its biodiversity
B) High concentration of polymetallic nodules
C) Tourist attractions
D) Coral reefs
Correct Answer: B
Kutos : AI Assistant!
