Coral bleaching is a phenomenon where corals expel the zooxanthellae algae that live in their tissues. This expulsion is often triggered by stressors such as increased sea temperatures, pollution, or alterations in light conditions. Without these algae, corals lose their color and turn white, facing a heightened risk of mortality.
The most recent extensive coral bleaching event, known as the Fourth Global Coral Bleaching Event (GCBE4), was induced by prolonged heat stress in oceans worldwide. This event severely affected regions including Lakshadweep, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the Gulf of Mannar, and the Gulf of Kutch.
During 2023-24, approximately 84.6% of Lakshadweep’s coral reefs experienced bleaching, reflecting significant ecological stress in the area.
The South Andaman region reported small-scale bleaching, affecting 15-18% of reefs, with most showing signs of recovery. Patchy bleaching was also observed in parts of the Gulf of Mannar.
Coral reefs are crucial as they provide habitats for marine biodiversity, protect coastlines from erosion, and support fisheries and tourism. Their decline poses substantial ecological and economic risks.
Corals can recover if stressors like rising temperatures are reduced. However, frequent bleaching events can weaken corals, potentially leading to irreversible damage. The Indian government, through the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), has been monitoring coral reefs since 2002. Conservation efforts include in-situ data collection, ecological studies, and addressing environmental threats.
Climate change is a principal cause of rising sea temperatures, which drive frequent and severe bleaching events. This exacerbates coral stress, affecting marine ecosystems on a global scale.
While some recovery has been noted in regions like South Andaman, extensive bleaching in areas like Lakshadweep underscores the urgent necessity for conservation and climate adaptation strategies.
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